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READING HALL THE DOORS OF WISDOM

INTRODUCTION TO THE THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE ACCORDING GENESIS.

CR Y&S

 

BIOGRAPHYCAL UNIVERSAL LIBRARY.

IN THIS PAGE YOU WILL FIND THE HTML CONVERSION OF THE BOOKS .

PDF LIBRARY

CHRISTIAN ERA

APOSTOLIC AGE VICTORY: FROM ST. PETER TO CONSTANTINE THE GREAT: FIRST CHRISTIAN EMPEROR

CHRISTIAN WORLD VICTORY: FROM EMPEROR CONSTANTINE THE FIRST TO POPE GREGORY THE SEVENTH

 

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION

 

 

ANCIENT HISTORY:

FROM THE PYRAMID BUILDERS TO CONSTANTINE THE GREAT

 

THE PYRAMID BUILDERS

ZOSER - (SNEFRU) - CHEOPS - Djedefre - CHEPHREN -MYCERINUS

RELIGION AND GODS OF EGYPT

----------------

THE LEGENDARY HISTORY OF EGYPT

---------------

ANCIENT EGYPT : THE LAND

MESILIM OF KISH

2500 BC

MESILIM , At the earliest period of which we have any historical records it would appear that the city of Kish exercised a suzerainty over Sumer. Here there ruled at this time a king named Mesilim, to whom Lagash, and probably other great cities in the south, owed allegiance. During his reign a certain Lugal-shag-engur was patesi of Lagash, and we have definite record that he acknowledged Mesilim's supremacy. For a votive mace-head of colossal size has been found at Tello, which bears an inscription stating that it was dedicated to Ningirsu by Mesilim, who had restored his great temple at Lagash during the time that Lugal-shag-engur was patesi of that city. 

EANNATUM OF LAGASH

2454-2435

EANNATUM OF LAGASH, WHEN the patesiate of Lagash passed from Akurgal to his son Eannatum we may picture the city-state as owing a general allegiance to Akkad in the north. Nearer home, the relations of Lagash to Umma appear to have been of an amicable character. Whatever minor conflicts may have taken place between the two cities in the interval, the treaty of Mesilim was still regarded as binding, and its terms were treated with respect by both parties. The question whether Eannatum, like Akurgal, had had some minor cause of disagreement with the men of Umma at the beginning of his reign depends upon our interpretation of some broken passages in the early part of the text engraved upon the Stele of the Vultures.

URAKAGINA

2380-2360

URAKAGINA OF LASGASH, A small tablet in the Louvre mentions together certain men of Erech, of Adab and of Ninni-esh, and, when Lugal-zaggisi enumerates the benefits he had conferred on the cities of Southern Babylonia over which he ruled, he mentions Umma and Ninni-esh together, after referring to Erech, Ur, and Larsa. We may, therefore, conclude with some probability that the city in which lli was at this time acting as priest was situated not far from Umma. It was under the control of Lagash, and doubtless formed part of the empire which Eannatum had bequeathed to his successors upon the throne. 

LUGALZAGESI OF URUK

2350-2318

LUGALZAGESI OF URUK, Lugal-zaggisi, the conqueror of Lagash, is mentioned by name in the document from which our knowledge of the catastrophe is derived. The unknown writer that composition, as we have already seen, assigns to him the title "patesi of Umma", and, had we no other information concerning him, we might perhaps have concluded that his success against the ancient rival of his own city was merely an isolated achievement. In the long-continued struggle between these neighbouring states Umma had finally proved victorious, and the results of this victory might have been regarded as of little more than local importance.

SARGON I OF AKKAD

2334-2279

SARGON I OF AKKAD, The name of Sargon of Agade, or Akkad, bulks largely in later Babylonian tradition, and his reign has been regarded by modern writers as marking the most important epoch in the early history of his country. The reference in the text of Nabonidus to the age of Naram-Sin has caused the Dynasty of Akkad to be taken as the canon, or standard, by which to measure the relative age of other dynasties or of rulers whose inscriptions have from time to time been recovered upon various early Babylonian sites.

RIMUSH & MANITUSHU

2279-2254

The next two kings of Agade and successors to the empire of Sargon were his two sons, Rimush and Manishtusu, who reigned, according to the king-list, in reverse order of age, for that authority assigns nine years to Rimush, and afterwards fifteen to Manishtusu, who is said to have been the elder brother of his predecessor; but it must be added that there are variants of the lengths of reigns. Both kings seem to have begun with campaigns against rebels, involving expeditions into the lands east of the Tigris and into Elam, but it is Manishtusu who, in one of his monuments, refers to 'all the lands. . .

NARAM SIN OF AKKAD

2254-2218

Manishtusu, according to an omen, was murdered in a palace conspiracy, and was succeeded by his son, Naram-Sin, destined to become the second of a pair whom later history ever regarded as the greatest figures in its annals. Because of this likeness Naram-Sin was known afterwards as the son of Sargon; if the word is pressed it is incorrect for the king-list rightly calls him son of Manishtusu. His reign was long and, until its closing years, glorious. But our information upon it is of varying authenticity, depending for the greatest part upon much later tradition. Of his own inscriptions, which were certainly many and informative, and of the sculptures which illustrated his campaigns and triumphs, very little has survived. By chance he has fared scantily even in the copies of these monuments at Nippur which are comparatively informative about the wars of his grandfather. 

SHARKALISHARRI

UR BAU

GUDEA

URNAMMU&SHULGI

ABRAHAM

2100-2000

The materials for the facts of the life of Abraham are found in Holy Scripture, in the Book of Genesis, and in some of the later writings. I have taken it for granted that these statements are authentic, and have not thought it necessary to follow Ewald and his school in distinguishing the various authors of them, assigning this to the Book of origins, and that to the First narrator, and that to the Second, and so on. Nor have I esteemed the details thus given as accretions that have grown up round a great central figure in the lapse of centuries, the outcome of hero-worship, the result of a natural desire to accumulate on a great forefather anything that would tend to elevate his personal character or exalt the favour with which he was regarded by God. The narrative appears to me to be, consistent, derived doubtless from different sources, but worked up by the compiler into a fairly complete biography, which, taken in conjunction with hints afforded by the later Scriptures, leaves on the mind a finished picture of the Father of the Faithful. 

ISAAC

2100-2000

This is the account of the family line of Abraham’s son Isaac. Abraham became the father of Isaac, and Isaac was forty years old when he married Rebekah daughter of Bethuel the Aramean from Paddan Aram and sister of Laban the Aramean. Isaac prayed to the Lord on behalf of his wife, because she was childless. The Lord answered his prayer, and his wife Rebekah became pregnant. The babies jostled each other within her, and she said, “Why is this happening to me?” So she went to inquire of the Lord. The Lord said to her,

JACOB.

2000-1900

Jacob’s early life was the usual life of a Bedouin boy, the son of a great sheikh, who was half agriculturist half nomad. He would be much with the cattle. As his father roamed over the Negeb from one place to another, according to the season of the year, or according to the reports which he received of the condition of the pasturage in this or that district, Jacob and Esau would accompany him, and would become familiar with all the ordinary routine of the pastoral life, with the feeding and the folding, the careful watching by night, the less anxious tending during the day, the exposure to heat and cold, the encounters with ravenous beasts, the occasional brush with marauders from a hostile tribe.

HAMMURABI

2131-2081

The military successes of Hammurabi fall within two clearly defined periods, the first during the five years which followed his sixth year of rule at Babylon, and a second period, of ten years' duration, beginning with the thirteenth of his reign. On his accession he appears to have inaugurated the reforms in the internal administration of the country, which culminated towards the close of his life in the promulgation of his famous Code of Laws; for he commemorated his second year as that in which he established righteousness in the land. The following years were uneventful, the most important royal acts being the installation of the chief-priest in Kashbaran, the building of a wall for the Gagum, or great Cloister of Sippar, and of a temple to Nannar in Babylon. But with his seventh year we find his first reference to a military campaign in a claim to the capture of Erech and Nisin.

SHAMSHI ADAD I.

1813-1791

SCARCELY thirty years ago the figure of Hammurabi, the unifier of Babylonia, still stood out in striking isolation. In fact, at the time he ascended the throne another centralized empire already occupied the whole of northern Mesopotamia: it was the personal creation of Shamshi-Adad I, to whom recent discoveries have made it possible to give his place in history.Whereas Hammurabi had inherited a considerable territory from his father, Shamshi-Adad had more modest beginnings. He belonged to one of the numerous nomad clans which had infiltrated into Mesopotamia after the break-up of the Third Dynasty of Ur. His father, Ila-kabkabu, ruled over a land bordering on the kingdom of Mari, with which he had come into conflict. It is not well known what happened next. According to one version, the authenticity of which is not certain, Shamshi-Adad made his way into Babylonia, while his brother succeeded to Ila-kabkabu. Later on he seized Ekallatum; the capture of this fortress, on the left bank of the Tigris, in the southern reaches of the lower Zab, laid the gates of Assyria open to him.

ZIMRILIN OF MARI.

1779- 1757

Like Shamshi-Adad, Iakhdunlim, his unsuccessful opponent at Mari, was a Western Semite whose forebears had abandoned the nomadic life in order to settle in the Euphrates valley. Basically, Zimrilim’s kingdom was made up of the middle Euphrates and Khabur valleys. To the south it cannot have reached farther than Hit. To the north it undoubtedly included the mouth of the Balikh, but beyond that it is uncertain whether there lay territories directly dependent on Mari and administered by district governors, or simply more or less autonomous vassal princedoms. In his attempts to expand Zimrilim directed the best part of his efforts towards the 'High Country', that is to say Upper Mesopotamia, which in those days was split up into numerous little states. In particular the region, bordering on the upper Khabur, which at Mari was called Idamaraz, appears to have been under his control all the time. 

HATSHEPSUT.

1479-1457

The close of the reign of Thutmose I is involved in deep obscurity, and there is no reconstruction without its difficulties. The traces left on temple walls by family dissensions are not likely to be sufficiently conclusive to enable us to follow the complicated struggle with entire certainty three thousand five hundred years later. The current verdict of historians has long been that Thutmose II, a feeble and diseased son of the old Pharaoh, followed at once upon his father's demise. His brief reign is of such slight consequence, however, that its exact place in the transition from Thutmose I to Hatshepsut and Thutmose III is not of great importance. Hatshepsut’s partisans were not able to crown their favorite without a difficult struggle with a third Thutmose. He was the son of an obscure concubine named. Isis, and there is some uncertainty whether the first or the second Thutmose was his father. It is probable that he married Hatshepsut, thus gaining a valid title to the throne. 

THUTMOSE III.

1457-1425

THE peaceful and unmilitary Nile of Hatshepsut, falling as it did early in Egypt’s imperial career in Asia, was followed by serious consequences. Not having seen an Egyptian army for many years, the Syrian dynasts grew continually more restless. The king of Kadesh, once probably the suzerain of all Syria and Palestine, had stirred all the city-kings of northern Palestine and Syria to accept his leader ship in a great coalition, in which they at last felt themselves strong enough to begin open revolt. “Behold from Yeraza (in northern Judea) to the marshes of the earth (i.e. the upper Euphrates), they had begun to revolt against his majesty”. In these words the annals of Thutmose III

AMENHOTEP III .

1390-1353

He was but the great-grandson of Thutmose III, but with him the high tide of Egyptian power was already slowly on the ebb, and he was not the man to stem the tide. Nevertheless in the administration of his great empire Amenhotep III began well. Toward the close of ins fourth year trouble in Nubia called him south. After defeating the enemy decisively somewhere above the second cataract, Amenhotep marched southward for a month, taking captives and spoil as he went. It is difficult to determine the exact limit of his southern advance. In the land of Karoy, with which the reader is now acquainted as the region about Napata, he collected great quantities of gold for his Theban buildings, and at Kebehu-Hor, or the “Pool of Horus” he erected his tablet of victory, but we are unable to locate the place with certainty. It was certainly not much in advance of the frontier of his father. This was the last great invasion of Nubia by the Pharaohs.

SUPPILULIUMAS.

1368-1328

The inactivity of the Egyptians in Syria made it possible for Tushratta to remain on friendly terms with Amenophis III during all of the latter's reign. During the later part of Tushratta’s reign, good relations with Egypt became more and more a necessity, because a powerful personality had in the meantime ascended the Hittite throne and had initiated a period of Hittite renascence.Probably not long after the events which brought Tushratta to the throne of Mitanni (c. 1385), a shift of rulership also took place in the Hittite country. Under Tudkhaliash III the previously mighty kingdom had shrunk into insignificance from which it had only partially recovered before the king's death. If some of the lost territory, especially along the eastern border had been regained, this had been due to the military leadership of the king's son, Shuppiluliumash. Upon his father's death Shuppiluliumash became king as the next in line. The ambitions which must have spurred Shuppiluliumash from the outset made him cast his eyes almost automatically upon Syria, where earlier Hittite kings had won glory. Hence an armed conflict with Tushratta became inevitable. It was postponed for some time only because Shuppiluliumash had to reorganize his homeland before he could think of embarking on a war of conquest in Syria.

AKNATON.

1353-1338

The reign of Akhnaton, for seventeen years Pharaoh of Egypt (from B.C. 1375 to 1358), stands out as the most interesting epoch in the long sequence of Egyptian history. We have watched the endless line of dim Pharaohs go by, each ht momentarily by the pale lamp of our present knowledge, and most of them have left httle impression upon the mind. They are so misty and far off, they have been dead and gone for such thousands of years, that they have almost entirely lost their individuality. We call out some royal name, and in response a vague figure passes into view, stiffly moves its arms, and passes again into the darkness. The Tomb of Queen Tiy, in which lay the mummy believed to be that of Akhnaton, was discovered in January, 1907, during the excavations which were being conducted by Mr. Theodore M. Davis in the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings at Thebes.

ASHUR-UBALLIT(1365-1330 ) ENLIL-NIRARI (1330-1319 ) ARIK-DEN-ILI (1319–1308 )

The restorer of the power of Assyria was, beyond doubt, Ashur-uballit who was destined to become a leading figure of his day, but he has told us nothing to the purpose about himself. Half-a-dozen short inscriptions concern the repair of two temples and some work upon a well in his city of Ashur, no more than the least distinguished of his predecessors. The Assyrian kings had not yet learned the art of appending to their building-inscriptions those notes of contemporary events which were soon to expand themselves into the detailed annals of later reigns. A first mention of the great king’s deeds is made, in his own family, by his great-grandson, looking back over the glories of his line and taking Ashur-uballit as the inaugurator of these. In the general documentation of his age he makes a better appearance, though sometimes anonymously. His own most interesting relics are two letters found in distant Egypt among the celebrated archive of Amarna.

MURSHILISH II (1321-1295) MUWATALLISH II (1295-1272)

Immediate successor to Shuppiluliumash was his son Arnuwandash. The potentially dangerous situation created by the death of the conqueror was aggravated by the circumstances that the new king was seriously ill and, therefore, could not demand the authority which was needed. Syria, on possession of which the Hittite claim for world leadership rested, was naturally the critical danger spot. Arnuwandash made haste to confirm his brother Piyashilish as king of Carchemish and also appointed him to the position of the tuhkantis (a high rank in the government). He was apparently the mainstay of Hittite domination in the provinces south of the Taurus, and is known from then on by the (Hurrian) name Sharre-Kushukh. With some justification one may consider it fortunate that the reign of Arnuwandash was only of short duration. Murshilish, a younger son of Shuppiluliumash, who now assumed kingship, was still very young but in the full possession of his powers. He proved himself an extremely able and energetic ruler.

RAMSES II.

1303-1212

When Ramses II ascended the throne the Hittites had remained in undisputed possession of their Syrian conquests for probably more than twenty years since the attempt of Seti I to dislodge them. The long peace had given their king, Mutallu, an opportunity, of which he made good use, to render their position in Syria impregnable. Advancing southward, up the valley of the Orontes, he had seized Kadesh, the centre of the Syrian power in the days of Thutmose III, which, we remember, had given him more trouble and held out with more tenacious resistance than any other kingdom in Syria. We have already seen the strategic importance of the district, an importance which was quickly grasped by the Hittite king, who made the place the bulwark of his southern frontier. Ramses’s plan for the war was like that of his great ancestor, Thutmose III. He proposed first to gain the coast, that he might use one of its harbors as a base, enjoying quick and easy communication with Egypt by water. Our sources tell us nothing of his operations on the first campaign, when this purpose was accomplished.

MERNEPTAH&RAMSES III

(1213-1156)

The death of Ramses II was not followed by any disturbance in the Asiatic dominions in so far as we can see. The northern border in Syria was as far north as the upper Orontes valley, including at least part of the Amorite country in which Merneptah had a royal city bearing his name, probably inherited from his father and renamed. With the Hittite kingdom he enjoyed undisturbed peace, doubtless under the terms of the old treaty, negotiated by his father forty-six years before. Indeed, Merneptah sent shiploads of grain to the Hittites to relieve them in time of famine. By the end of his second year, however, he had reason to rue the good-will shown his father's ancient enemy. Among the allies of the Hittites at the battle of Kadesh there were already maritime peoples like the Lycians and Dardanians. In some way Merneptah discovered that the Hittites were now involved in the incursions of these people in the western Delta in alliance with the Libyans. In the year three (about 1223 BC) the Pharaoh found widespread revolt against him in Asia: Askalon at the very gates of Egypt, the powerful city of Gezer at the lower end of the valley of Aijalon, leading up from the sea-plain to Jerusalem; Yenoam, given by Thutmose III to Amon two hundred and sixty years before; some of the tribes of Israel and all western Syria-Palestine as far as it was controlled by the Pharaoh all these rose against their Egyptian overlord. 
Gideon, with whose biography and achievements we are now concerned, was a native of the plain of Esdraelon. His birth­place is called Ophrah. Two villages bearing this name are mentioned in the Old Testament There was an Ophrah, belonging to the tribe of Benjamin, now known as El Taiybeh —a group of hamlets “perched aloft on a dark conical hill, like the villages of the Apennines.” But the Ophrah in which the future deliverer of Israel was born, nestled on slopes south ot the town of Jezreel, and connecting with Mount Gilboa. No trace of it remains; except for its connection with Gideon, it would have been wholly undistinguished and unknown.

 

GIDEON (1252-1152)

AND THE JUDGES

 

SAMUEL AND SAUL

1110-1007

KING DAVID

1040-970 BC

KING SOLOMON

970-931

PROPHET ELIJAH

900-849

PROPHET ISAIAH

740 - 686 

ASSUR-NAZIR-PAL

SHALMANESER III

SHAMSHI ADAD V (823-811 BC), ADAD NIRARI III (811 BC-783 BC), SHALMANESER IV (782-773), ASSURDAN III (772-755), ASSUR NIRARI III (754-745)

PIANKHI, KING OF NUBIA

(B.C 741-712)

SARGON OF ASSYRIA

722-705 B. C.

SENNACHERIB

(705-681 BC)

ESARHADDON

(681–669 BC)

 

ASSHURBANIPAL

668–627 B. C.

SOLON

640-560 BC

NABOPOLASSAR, 626 - 605 B. C.

AND

NEBUCHADREZZAR II, 605 - 562 B. C.

 

 

DANIEL,

HIS LIFE AND TIMES

THALES OF MILETUS

624 - 546 BC

 

MILTIADES

555 - 489 BC

 

CONFUCIUS

551–479 BC

 

DARIUS I THE GREAT,

550–486 BC

HERACLITUS

540-480

    

 

THEMISTOCLES

524–459 BC

 

XERXES

518 – 465 

 

CIMON,

510– 450 BC

 

PERICLES

495 - 429 BC

HERODOTUS

484 – c. 425 

    

SOCRATES

470-399

AGESILAUS

444-360

PLATO

428-347

ARTAXERXES III "OCHUS"

425-338

PELOPIDAS

420-364 BC

TIMOLEON,

390-336 BC

ARISTOTLE

384 – 322 BC

DEMOSTHENES

384-322 B.C

PHILIP II OF MACEDON & ALEXANDER THE GREAT

382–323 BC

DIONYSIUS THE SECOND & TIMOLEON

367 - 330

AGATHOCLES

361-289

 

ALEXANDER THE GREAT

356-323

CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA

324-293

ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS

310-230

ASOKA

304–232

PYRRHUS OF EPIRUS
319/318–272 BC

HOUSE OF SELEUCUS 321-63

 

THE HOUSE OF PTOLEMY. 331-30 BC

Ptolemy I (Soter) - Ptolemy II Philadelphus - Ptolemy III Euergetes I - Ptolemy IV, Philopator- Ptolemy V Epiphanes -  Ptolemy VI Philometor - Ptolemy VII, Euergetes II - Ptolemy VIII Soter II and Ptolemy IX Alexander I - Berenice III, Ptolemy X Alexander II, Ptolemy XI Auletes - Cleopatra VI, Ptolemy XII, Ptolemy XIII, Ptolemy XIV

THE MACCABEES

168-37

MITHRIDATES, SYLLA, TIGRANES AND POMPEY.

BC 124 - 61

CLEOPATRA VII

MARC ANTONY
 

AUGUSTUS.

LIFE AND TIMES OF OCTAVIUS CAESAR

B.C. 63— A.D. 14)

 

CHRISTIAN ERA.

FROM CONSTANTINE THE GREAT TO POPE GREGORY VII

US$13.00

THE HEART OF MARY

THE HEART OF MARY. LIFE AND TIMES OF THE HOLY FAMILY. Following the coronation of Alexander Jannaeus in 103 BC, the search for king David's heir begins in Jerusalem. 35 years later, failure is sealed by the death of Queen Alexandra. The Hasmonean civil war ends with the arrival of Pompey the Great and the subsequent rise to the throne of Herod. The search for the legitimate heir to Solomon's crown continues with the sons of Abijah and Simeon the Babylonian. Led by their God, Zacharias and Simeon discover the secret of the alpha and omega: Joseph of Bethlehem is the descendant of the prophet Nathan, and Mary of Nazareth, the heiress of Solomon. Both of them intend to unite the two families, from which the Messiah will be born ... when God intervenes to bring his Son Jesus into our history…

 

AMAZON

THE HEART OF MARY.

LIFE AND TIMES OF THE HOLY FAMILY

CHAPTER I: “I AM THE FIRST AND THE LAST”
CHAPTER II: “I AM THE ALPHA AND THE OMEGA”
CHAPTER III “I AM THE BEGINNING AND THE END”

Following the coronation of Alexander Jannaeus in 103 BC, the search for king David's heir begins in Jerusalem. 35 years later, failure is sealed by the death of Queen Alexandra. The Hasmonean civil war ends with the arrival of Pompey the Great and the subsequent rise to the throne of Herod. The search for the legitimate heir to Solomon's crown continues with the sons of Abijah and Simeon the Babylonian. Led by their God, Zacharias and Simeon discover the secret of the alpha and omega: Joseph of Bethlehem is the descendant of the prophet Nathan, and Mary of Nazareth, the heiress of Solomon. Both of them intend to unite the two families, from which the Messiah will be born ... when God intervenes to bring his Son Jesus into our history…

 

PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARO 70-19A.D.

 

Among biographical commonplaces one frequently finds the generalization that it is the provincial who acquires the perspective requisite for a true estimate of a nation, and that it is the country-boy reared in lonely communion with himself who attains the deepest knowledge of human nature. If there be some degree of truth in this reflection, Publius Vergilius Maro, the farmer’s boy from the Mantuan plain, was in so far favored at birth. It is the fifteenth of October, 70 b. c., that the Mantuans still hold in pious memory: in 1930 they will doubtless invite Italy and the devout of all nations to celebrate the twentieth centenary of the poet’s birth.

ANTONINUS PIUS

86-161
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS

146-211

ROMAN EMPERORS

PHILIP (244–249) DECIUS (249-251) GALLUS (2511-253) EMILIANIS (253) VALERIAN (253-260) GALLIENUS (253-268) CLAUDIUS II GOTHICUS (268-270) AURELIAN (270-275) ZENOBIA (270-272)

THE

PERSECUTION OF DIOCLETIAN

303-312 a.d.

CONSTANTINE THE GREAT

272-337

SAINT BASIL THE GREAT

329-378

JULIAN THE APOSTATE

331-363

GREGORY OF NAZIANZUM 329-390

 

SAINT AMBROSE

340-397

THE ARIANS OF THE FOURTH CENTURY

HILARY OF POITIERS

310-367

CASSIODORUS

485-585

ATTILA.

KING OF THE HUNS

THE LIFE AND TIMES OF POPE GREGORY I THE GREAT

A.D. 540 – 604

ISIDORE OF SEVILLE

560-636

SAINT CUTHBERT

634-687

 

Li SHI MIN

Founder of the tang dynasty

The significance of the life and achievements of Li Shih-Min, who reigned from A.D. 626-49 as the emperor T’ai Tsung of the T’ang dynasty, cannot be appreciated without some knowledge of the age which immediately preceded his birth. It is necessary to paint, as a background to his life, a picture of sixth-century China, its social organisation and the political trends which dominated

SAINT CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA

675-754

 

ALCUIN

724-802

 

CHARLEMAGNE.

748-814

 

HARUM AL-RASHID,

763-809 772-846

PO CHU I  (772–846)

Bai Juyi (or Po Chü-i),  was a Chinese musician, poet, and politician during the Tang dynasty. Many of his poems concern his career or observations made about everyday life, including as governor of three different provinces. He achieved fame as a writer of verse in a low-key, near vernacular style that was popular throughout medieval East Asia

HINCMAR

806-882

AVICENNA

908-1037

POPE GREGORY VII

 1015–1085

MATILDA OF TUSCANY

1046-1115

ROGER OF SICILY

1016-1154

 

BOHEMOND I, PRINCE OF ANTIOCH

1058-1111

 

FREDERICK I BARBAROSSA

1122-1190

 

INNOCENT III

1160-1216

POPE HONORIUS III

1216-1227

RHUDOLPH OF HABSBURG

1218-1273

WILLIAM WALLACE

1270 -1305

 

ISABELLA I OF SPAIN

1451-1504

ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC

BEATRICE D'ESTE DUCHESS OF MILAN

1475-1497

 

 

Cardinal XIMENEZ

1436-1517

SANDRO BOTTICELLI

1444-1510

VASCO NUÑEZ DE BALBOA

1475-1519

POPE JULIUS II

1443-1513

THOMAS LINACRE

1460–1524

THOMAS LINACRE PHYSICIAN TO KING HENRY VIII. THE TUTOR AND FRIEND OF SIR THOMAS MORE, AND THE FOUNDER OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS IN LONDON.

WANG YANG MIN

1472-1529

WANG YANG MIN , CHINESE PHILOSOPHER OF THE XVITH CENTURY CHINA

ULRIC ZWINGLI

1484-1531

BABAR

1483-1530

POPE JULIUS II

1443-1513

POPE PIUS II

1458-1464

THOMAS LINACRE

1460–1524

THOMAS LINACRE PHYSICIAN TO KING HENRY VIII. THE TUTOR AND FRIEND OF SIR THOMAS MORE, AND THE FOUNDER OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS IN LONDON.

CARDINAL WOLSEY

1471-1530

CARDINAL WOLSEY, English statesman and Catholic bishop.

WANG YANG MIN

1472-1529

WANG YANG MIN , CHINESE PHILOSOPHER OF THE XVITH CENTURY CHINA

ULRIC ZWINGLI

1484-1531

BABAR

1483-1530

HENRY VII

1485-1509

Robert Francis Belarmine

1542-1621

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HISTORY OF THE LIVES AND EMPIRE OF THE ELEVEN INCAS 1465-1533

MANCO CCAPAC . SINCHI ROCCA . LLOQUI YUPANQUI . MAYTA CCAPAC . CCAPAC YUPANQUI . INCA ROCCA . TITU CUSI HUALPA . VIRACOCHA . PACHACUTI YUPANQUI . TUPAC YUPANQUI . HUAYNA CCAPAC . HUASCAR, AND ATAHUALPA.

 HISTORY OF THE LIVES AND EMPIRE OF THE ELEVEN INCAS 1465-1533

MARIE DE MEDICIS

1573-1642

WILLIAM HARVEY

1578-1657

THOMAS OVERBURY

1581-1613

DANIEL DEFOE

1661-1731

1682-1718

CHARLES XII. KING OF SWEDEN

1728-1779

CAPTAIN JAMES COOK

1738-1789

ETHAN ALLEN

American farmer, writer, military officer and politician. He is best known as one of the founders of Vermont and for the capture of Fort Ticonderoga during the American Revolutionary War

1741-1801

BENEDICT ARNOLD

American-born British military officer who served during the American Revolutionary War. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of major general before defecting to the British in 1780. General George Washington had given him his fullest trust and had placed him in command of West Point in New York. Arnold was planning to surrender the fort to British forces, but the plot was discovered in September 1780, whereupon he fled to the British lines. He led British forces in battle against the army which he had once commanded, and his name became synonymous with treason and betrayal in the United States.

1769-1821

NAPOLEON

1770-1827

Ludwig van

BEETHOVEN

1779-1820

STEPHEN DECATUR

United States Navy officer. He was born on the eastern shore of Maryland in Worcester County. His father, Stephen Decatur Sr., was a commodore in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War; he brought the younger Stephen into the world of ships and sailing early on. Shortly after attending college, Decatur followed in his father's footsteps and joined the U.S. Navy at age 19 as a midshipman

1798-1866

HOMAS HODGKIN

ITALY AND HER INVADERS

(AUTHORS)

1815-1898

OTTO VON BISMARCK

AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE

 

 

 

BIOGRAPHYCAL UNIVERSAL LIBRARY.

 

 

 

AMAZON

 

 

 

 

THE LIVES AND TIMES OF THE POPES (FROM SAINT PETER TO GREGORY I THE GREAT)

PAPIAS AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES. A STUDY OF RELIGIOUS THOUGHT IN THE SECOND CENTURY

HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH FROM THE APOSTOLIC AGE TO THE REFORMATION BY JAMES C. ROBERTSON

VOLUME I. A.D. 64-1517

VOLUME II. A.D. 395-814

VOLUME III. A.D 814-1046

VOLUME IV. A.D. 1046-1106

VOLUME V. A.D. 1106-1198

VOLUME VI. A. D. 1198-1303

VOLUME VII. A.D. 1303-1418

VOLUME VIII. A.D. 1418-1517

 

George Grote's History of Greece

FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE CLOSE OF THE GENERATION CONTEMPORARY WITH ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
VOLUME I. Legendary Greece: FROM THE GODS AND HEROES TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE OLIMPIC GAMES (776 BC)
VOLUME II.
VOLUME III.

THE AGE OF THE DESPOTS AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE WESTERN COLONIES
VOLUME IV.
VOLUME V.
VOLUME VI:
VOLUME VII:
VOLUME VIII.

THE SOCRATIC AGE
VOLUME IX.

FROM THE RETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND TO THE PEACE OF ANTALCIDAS

VOLUME X.
VOLUME XI.

B.C. 394-336. TIMOLEON THE CORINTHIAN AND PHILIPS THE MACEDON
VOLUME XII.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES

 

 
HISTORY OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
 

 

 

 

PAPERBACK

ITALY AND HER INVADERS (THOMAS HODGKIN )

 

ITALY AND HER INVADERS The Visigothic Invasion

Hunnish,Vandal and Herulian Invasions

Ostrogothic Invasion. Imperial Restoration

 

The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages.

Horace k. Mann
THE POPES UNDER THE LOMBARD RULE. PART I. St. Gregory I (the Great) to Leo III, 590-657
THE POPES UNDER THE LOMBARD RULE. PART II. 657-795

THE POPES DURING THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE. Leo III to Formosus A.D. 795-891

THE POPES IN THE DAYS OF FEUDAL ANARCHY. FIRST PART. A.D. 896-999

THE POPES IN THE DAYS OF FEUDAL ANARCHY. PART TWO. A.D.999-1048

THE POPES OF THE GREGORIAN RENAISSANCE. ST LEO IX TO HONORIUS II. A.D. 1049-1130
THE POPES AT THE HEIGHT OF THEIR TEMPORAL INFLUENCE. A.D. 1130-1159
THE POPES AT THE HEIGHT OF THEIR TEMPORAL INFLUENCE. A.D. 1159-1198

THE LIVES OF THE POPES IN THE EARY MIDDLE AGES

Horace Mann 

Edición Kindle : Cristo Raul (Editor)

Part One

Part Two

 

Edición Kindle 

 

PAPERBACK
George Finlay, (1799-1875), British historian and participant in the War of Greek Independence (1821-32) known principally for his histories of Greece and the Byzantine Empire.
EBOOKS

Greece Under the Romans. B.C. 146 - A.D. 716

The History of the Byzantine Empire from 765 to 1057

The History of the Byzantine Empire, from A.D. 1057 to A.D. 1453

 

Edición Kindle 

THE FOUNDATION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.

A HISTORY OF THE OSMANLIS UP TO THE DEATH OF BAYEZID I

(1300-1403)

 


VOLUME I.
GREECE UNDER THE ROMANS. B.C. 146 — A.D. 716


VOLUME II.
FROM A.D. 717 TO 1057

VOLUME III
FROM A.D. 1057 TO A.D. 1453

 

A History of the Popes from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome.

A.D. 1378-1525

 

MANDELL CREIGHTON

(COMPLETE SET)
 

THE GREAT SCHISM. A.D.1378-1414

THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE. A.D.1414-1418.

THE PAPAL RESTORATION. A.D. 1444—1464

THE ITALIAN PRINCES. A.D. 1454-1517.

THE GERMAN REVOLT

 

EBOOK
Ludwig Pastor
THE HISTORY OF THE POPES FROM THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. VOLUME I. 1305-1447 A.D
THE HISTORY OF THE POPES FROM THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. VOLUME II. 1447-1458 A.D.
THE HISTORY OF THE POPES FROM THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES.VOLUME III. PIUS II, 1458-1464, A.D.
Ludwig Pastor

 

Edición Kindle

de JOHN CODMAN ROPES (Author), Cristo Raul (Editor)

 

EBOOKS

THE HISTORY OF CHARLEMAGNE

ABELARD AND THE ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF UNIVERSITIES

EARLY HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH FROM ITS FOUNDATION TO THE END OF THE FIFTH CENTURY. VOLUME II. THE FOURTH CENTURY

THE CHRISTIAN CLERGY OF THE FIRST TEN CENTURIES. THEIR BENEFICIAL INFLUENCE ON THE EUROPEAN PROGRESS

 

A HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL POLITICAL THEORY IN THE WEST. VOLUME. II.

THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE ROMAN LAWYERS AND CANONISTS FROM THE TENTH CENTURY TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

A HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL POLITICAL THEORY IN THE WEST. VOLUME V.

THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

A HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL POLITICAL THEORY IN THE WEST. VOL. VI.

POLITICAL THEORY FROM 1300 TO 1600

THE LIFE OF SALADIN AND THE FALL OF THE KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM

MEDIEVAL FRANCE FROM THE REIGN OF HUGUES CAPET TO THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

LIFE AND TIMES OF FRANCESCO SFORZA, DUKE OF MILAN, WITH A PRELIMINARY SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF ITALY

THE STORY OF THE GOTHS FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE END OF THE GOTHIC DOMINION IN SPAIN

The History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic Kings

THE LIFE OF PIZARRO, with some account of his associates in the Conquest of Peru

THE RISE OF PORTUGUESE POWER IN INDIA, 1497—1550

VASCO DA GAMA AND HIS SUCCESSORS. 1460-1580

HISTORY OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. A.D. 1680-1888

AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE COLONIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA

The Constitutional History of England, from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of George II

A HISTORY OF THE MODERN WORLD. 1815-1910. VOLUME 1

A HISTORY OF THE MODERN WORLD . 1815-1910 VOLUME 2

History of the Ottoman Empire

 

 

 

 

AMAZON

 

 

 

 

THE LIVES AND TIMES OF THE POPES (FROM SAINT PETER TO GREGORY I THE GREAT)

PAPIAS AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES. A STUDY OF RELIGIOUS THOUGHT IN THE SECOND CENTURY

HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH FROM THE APOSTOLIC AGE TO THE REFORMATION BY JAMES C. ROBERTSON

VOLUME I. A.D. 64-1517

VOLUME II. A.D. 395-814

VOLUME III. A.D 814-1046

VOLUME IV. A.D. 1046-1106

VOLUME V. A.D. 1106-1198

VOLUME VI. A. D. 1198-1303

VOLUME VII. A.D. 1303-1418

VOLUME VIII. A.D. 1418-1517

 

George Grote's History of Greece

FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE CLOSE OF THE GENERATION CONTEMPORARY WITH ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
VOLUME I. Legendary Greece: FROM THE GODS AND HEROES TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE OLIMPIC GAMES (776 BC)
VOLUME II.
VOLUME III.

THE AGE OF THE DESPOTS AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE WESTERN COLONIES
VOLUME IV.
VOLUME V.
VOLUME VI:
VOLUME VII:
VOLUME VIII.

THE SOCRATIC AGE
VOLUME IX.

FROM THE RETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND TO THE PEACE OF ANTALCIDAS

VOLUME X.
VOLUME XI.

B.C. 394-336. TIMOLEON THE CORINTHIAN AND PHILIPS THE MACEDON
VOLUME XII.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES

 

 
HISTORY OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
 

 

 

 

PAPERBACK

ITALY AND HER INVADERS (THOMAS HODGKIN )

 

ITALY AND HER INVADERS The Visigothic Invasion

Hunnish,Vandal and Herulian Invasions

Ostrogothic Invasion. Imperial Restoration

 

The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages.

Horace k. Mann
THE POPES UNDER THE LOMBARD RULE. PART I. St. Gregory I (the Great) to Leo III, 590-657
THE POPES UNDER THE LOMBARD RULE. PART II. 657-795

THE POPES DURING THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE. Leo III to Formosus A.D. 795-891

THE POPES IN THE DAYS OF FEUDAL ANARCHY. FIRST PART. A.D. 896-999

THE POPES IN THE DAYS OF FEUDAL ANARCHY. PART TWO. A.D.999-1048

THE POPES OF THE GREGORIAN RENAISSANCE. ST LEO IX TO HONORIUS II. A.D. 1049-1130
THE POPES AT THE HEIGHT OF THEIR TEMPORAL INFLUENCE. A.D. 1130-1159
THE POPES AT THE HEIGHT OF THEIR TEMPORAL INFLUENCE. A.D. 1159-1198

THE LIVES OF THE POPES IN THE EARY MIDDLE AGES

Horace Mann 

Edición Kindle : Cristo Raul (Editor)

Part One

Part Two

 

Edición Kindle 

 

PAPERBACK
George Finlay, (1799-1875), British historian and participant in the War of Greek Independence (1821-32) known principally for his histories of Greece and the Byzantine Empire.
EBOOKS

Greece Under the Romans. B.C. 146 - A.D. 716

The History of the Byzantine Empire from 765 to 1057

The History of the Byzantine Empire, from A.D. 1057 to A.D. 1453

 

Edición Kindle 

THE FOUNDATION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.

A HISTORY OF THE OSMANLIS UP TO THE DEATH OF BAYEZID I

(1300-1403)

 


VOLUME I.
GREECE UNDER THE ROMANS. B.C. 146 — A.D. 716


VOLUME II.
FROM A.D. 717 TO 1057

VOLUME III
FROM A.D. 1057 TO A.D. 1453

 

A History of the Popes from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome.

A.D. 1378-1525

 

MANDELL CREIGHTON

(COMPLETE SET)
 

THE GREAT SCHISM. A.D.1378-1414

THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE. A.D.1414-1418.

THE PAPAL RESTORATION. A.D. 1444—1464

THE ITALIAN PRINCES. A.D. 1454-1517.

THE GERMAN REVOLT

 

EBOOK
Ludwig Pastor
THE HISTORY OF THE POPES FROM THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. VOLUME I. 1305-1447 A.D
THE HISTORY OF THE POPES FROM THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. VOLUME II. 1447-1458 A.D.
THE HISTORY OF THE POPES FROM THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES.VOLUME III. PIUS II, 1458-1464, A.D.
Ludwig Pastor

 

Edición Kindle

de JOHN CODMAN ROPES (Author), Cristo Raul (Editor)

 

History of India.

From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century
From the Sixth Century B. C. to the Mohammedan Conquest, Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great
From the Mohammedan Conquest to the reign of Akbar the Great. A.D .712-1555
From the Reign of Akbar the Great to the Fall of the Moghul Empire
From the first European Settlements to the Founding of the English East India Company
The European Struggle for Indian Supremacy in the Seventeenth Century
From the Close of the Seventeenth Century to the Present Time
EBOOKS

THE HISTORY OF CHARLEMAGNE

ABELARD AND THE ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF UNIVERSITIES

EARLY HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH FROM ITS FOUNDATION TO THE END OF THE FIFTH CENTURY. VOLUME II. THE FOURTH CENTURY

THE CHRISTIAN CLERGY OF THE FIRST TEN CENTURIES. THEIR BENEFICIAL INFLUENCE ON THE EUROPEAN PROGRESS

 

A HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL POLITICAL THEORY IN THE WEST. VOLUME. II.

THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE ROMAN LAWYERS AND CANONISTS FROM THE TENTH CENTURY TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

A HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL POLITICAL THEORY IN THE WEST. VOLUME V.

THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

A HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL POLITICAL THEORY IN THE WEST. VOL. VI.

POLITICAL THEORY FROM 1300 TO 1600

THE LIFE OF SALADIN AND THE FALL OF THE KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM

MEDIEVAL FRANCE FROM THE REIGN OF HUGUES CAPET TO THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

LIFE AND TIMES OF FRANCESCO SFORZA, DUKE OF MILAN, WITH A PRELIMINARY SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF ITALY

THE STORY OF THE GOTHS FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE END OF THE GOTHIC DOMINION IN SPAIN

The History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic Kings

THE LIFE OF PIZARRO, with some account of his associates in the Conquest of Peru

THE RISE OF PORTUGUESE POWER IN INDIA, 1497—1550

VASCO DA GAMA AND HIS SUCCESSORS. 1460-1580

HISTORY OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. A.D. 1680-1888

AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE COLONIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA

The Constitutional History of England, from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of George II

A HISTORY OF THE MODERN WORLD. 1815-1910. VOLUME 1

A HISTORY OF THE MODERN WORLD . 1815-1910 VOLUME 2

History of the Ottoman Empire