CHRONOLOGICAL
TABLE OF LEADING EVENTS MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME.
fl.
831 Paschasius Radbertus.
858-867
Pontificate of Nicholas I.
fl.
868 Ratramnus.
950
Bohemia becomes a fief of the Empire.
950-985
Reign of Harold Bluetooth of Denmark.
992-1025
Reign of Boleslav the Great of Poland.
995-1000
Reign of Olaf Trygveson in Norway.
997-1038
Reign of St Stephen of Hungary.
c.
1000 The Christianisation of Scandinavia.
1034
Fall of the Caliphate of Cordova.
1037
Ferdinand unites Leon and Castile for the first time.
c.
1040 Beginning of the transformation of Romanesque into Gothic.
1050-1100
The earliest Chansons de Geste composed.
1054
Schism between the Eastern and Western Churches.
1054
Battle of Atapuerca.
1066
Battle of Hastings.
Death
of Geoffrey de Preuilly, reputed inventor of
tournaments.
1071
Battle of Manzikert.
1079-1142
Peter Abelard
1085 Capture
of Toledo from the Moors.
1086 Christian
defeat at Zalaca by the Almoravides.
Death
of Berengar of Tours.
1095-1114
Reign of Koloman in Hungary. Union with Croatia.
1095
(18-28 Nov.) Council of Clermont proclaims the First Crusade.
1099
Death of the Cid.
1100 Irnerius teaches Roman Law at Bologna.
1104
Consecration of the first Scandinavian archbishop (at Lund in Denmark).
1109
Death of St Anselm.
1118
Capture of Saragossa by the Christians.
1124-1128
Establishment of Christianity in Pomerania.
1125
Decline of the Almoravides in Spain.
1127
Earliest Flemish town charter granted (to St Omer).
c.
1130 Beginning of the Wars of Pretenders in Scandinavia.
c.
1135 Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regnum Britanniae.
1137
Union of Aragon and Catalonia.
1141
The Council of Sens condemns the doctrine of Abelard.
Death
of Hugh of St Victor.
c.
1142 The Decretum of Gratian.
e.
1145-1150 Peter Lombard’s Sentences.
1146
The Almohades arrive in Spain.
1147-1149
The Second Crusade.
1152
Norwegian Church settlement.
1157-1182
Reign of Waldemar the Great of Denmark.
1158
Frederick Barbarossa issues the “'Authenticum” Habita.
1164
Swedish archbishopric founded at Upsala.
The
Military Order of Calatrava founded by Alfonso VIII of Castile.
1167
General Congress of Cathari near Toulouse.
1170
Rise of Oxford University to importance.
Birth
of St Dominic.
Peter
Waldo begins to preach at Lyons.
c.
1170 fl. Chretien of Troyes.
1176
Battle of Legnano.
1177-1194
Reign of Casimir the Just in Poland.
1179 The
Third Lateran Council.
1180 (18
Sept.) Death of Louis VII of France: accession of Philip Augustus. Death of
John of Salisbury.
c.
1181 Birth of St Francis of Assisi.
1184-1202
Reign of King Sverre of Norway.
1189-1192
The Third Crusade.
1189- 1199
Reign of Richard I of England.
1190 Foundation
of the Teutonic Order.
1190- 1197
Reign of Emperor Henry VI.
1190
Original composition of the Nibelungenlied.
1191 Richard
I of England defeats Saladin at Arsuf.
1192 Compilation
of the Liber Censuum.
1194
Hubert Walter governs England during Richard I’s absence abroad.
1196- 1213
Reign of Peter II of Aragon.
1196 (18
July) Victory of the Almoliades at Alarcos.
1197- 1230
Reign of Premsyl Ottokar I of Bohemia,
1197 (Nov.)
Formation of an anti-Imperialist league of cities in Tuscany.
1198 (8
Jan.) Election of Pope Innocent III.
(6
Mar.) Philip of Swabia elected King of Germany.
(17
May) Frederick II crowned King of Sicily at Palermo.
(9
June) Election of Otto IV as anti-king in Germany. Death of A verroes.
Bohemia
finally made a kingdom.
1199 Death
of Richard I of England. Accession of John. Beginning of direct Papal taxation.
1200 (Jan.—Sept.)
Pope Innocent III lays France under an interdict.
Charter
granted to the University of Paris by Philip Augustus.
The Deliberatio of Pope Innocent III.
c.
1200 Most Italian cities are instituting Podestas.
1201 The
Fourth Crusade begins.
(8
June) The Donation of Neuss by Otto IV.
1202-1241
Reign of Waldemar the Victorious in Denmark.
1202 (Apr.)
Philip Augustus makes war upon John.
The
Bull Venerabilem.
Death
of Joachim of Flora.
1204 (13
Apr.) Sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders. Foundation of the Latin Empire
of Constantinople.
(24
June) Final loss of Normandy by John.
1205 Death
of Archbishop Hubert Walter.
1207 Stephen
Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury.
1208 (24
Feb.) His vocation revealed to St Francis of Assisi,
(21
June) Murder of Philip of Swabia.
(11
Nov.) Otto IV unanimously elected King of Germany at Frankfort.
1209 England
laid under an interdict.
Crusade
against the Albigensians begins.
(4
Oct.) Otto IV receives the imperial crown at Rome. Excommunication of John.
1210 (Nov.)
Excommunication of the Emperor Otto IV.
The
Council of Sens prohibits Aristotle.
1211 Diet
of Nuremberg offers the crown of Germany to Frederick II.
1212 Christian
victory over the Almohades at Las Navas de Tolosa.
The
Golden Bull of Bohemia.
1213 John
submits to the Pope and receives absolution. r
The
Golden Bull of Eger.
Battle
of Muret: death of Peter II of Aragon.
1214 Battle
of Bouvines.
1215 The
Great Charter sealed at Runnymede (15 June).
1215 The
Fourth Lateran Council.
1216 (May)
Louis of France arrives in England.
(16
July) Death of Innocent III. Election of Pope Honorius III.
(19
Oct.) Death of King John.
(28
Oct.) Henry III crowned at Gloucester
(12
Nov.) Renewal of the Great Charter.
Pope
Honorius III confirms the Dominican Order.
1218 Death
of Otto IV.
Death
of Simon de Montfort, the crusader against the Albigensians.
1219 (Aug.)
The Fifth Crusade begins.
Study
of the Civil Law forbidden at Paris.
1220 Henry (VII) elected King of the Romans.
Frederick
II’s imperial coronation at Rome.
1220
Death of Wolfram von Eschenbach.
1221 Death
of St Dominic.
1222 First
appearance of the Mongols in Europe.
The
Golden Bull of Hungary.
The
University of Padua, founded by a migration from Bologna.
1223 (14
July) Death of Philip Augustus.
1223-1226
Reign of Louis VIII of France.
1223 The
Franciscan Rule in its final form confirmed by Pope Honorius III.
1224 The
University of Naples founded by the Emperor Frederick II
1226 Formation
of the second Lombard League.
(3
Oct.) Death of St Francis of Assisi.
Suppression
of the first Rhine league.
1226-1229
Second Albigensian Crusade.
1226-1234
Regency of Blanche of Castile.
1226-1270
Reign of St Louis IX of France.
1227 Death
of Pope Honorius III. Election of Gregory IX.
Defeat
of Waldemar II of Denmark at Bornhovede.
First
excommunication of Frederick II.
End
of the minority of Henry III.
1228-1229
Crusade of Frederick II. Recovery of Jerusalem.
1228 St
Francis of Assisi canonised by Pope Gregory IX.
1230 Treaty
of San Germane between Frederick II and the Papacy.
Pope
Gregory IX recognises the Third Order of St Francis.
Settlement
of the Teutonic Order in Prussia.
Final
union of Leon and Castile under Ferdinand III.
The
University of Toulouse founded by the Papacy
1231 Renewal
of the Lombard League.
Frederick
II promulgates a new code for Sicily at Melfi.
Robert
Grosseteste begins lecturing at Oxford.
The
Franciscans and Dominicans exempted from episcopal jurisdiction by Pope Gregory
IX.
1232 Imperial,
edict against heretics,
1233 Inauguration
of the Inquisition by Pope Gregory IX.
1234 Rebellion
of Henry (VII) against his father the Emperor Frederick If.
Canonisation of St Dominic.
1235 Deposition
of Henry (VII) of Germany.
1236 Conquest
of Cordova from the Moors.
1237 Conrad
IV elected King of the Romans.
Frederick
II’s victory at Cortenuova.
1239
Frederick II again excommunicated.
1241
(Mar.) The Mongols capture Cracow.
(9
Apr.) They defeat Duke Henry of Silesia at Liegnitz.
(21
Aug.) Death of Pope Gregory IX.
1241
Mongols defeat Hungarians at the battle of Mohi.
1243
(25 June) Election of Pope Innocent IV.
1245 The
First Council of Lyons deposes the Emperor Frederick II.
Death
of Alexander of Hales.
1246-1248
St Louis builds the Sainte Chapelle in Paris.
1246 Henry Raspe chosen as anti-King in Germany.
1247 Death
of Henry Raspe. William of Holland chosen to succeed
him.
System
of circuits of enqueteurs established in
France.
1248-1254
The first Crusade of St Louis.
1248 (18
Feb.) Defeat of the Emperor Frederick II near Vittoria.
Capture
of Seville from the Moors.
1250 Death
of the Emperor Frederick II.
The
Primo Popolo at Florence.
1250-1273
The Great Interregnum in Germany.
1251 (Jan.)
Conrad IV enters Italy.
1251 (May)
Pope Innocent IV returns to Italy.
1252 Murder
of Peter Martyr, the Dominican Inquisitor.
Death
of Ferdinand III of Castile.
The
Florentine gold florin first coined.
Innocent
IV’s bull, Ad extirpanda, against heresy.
1253- 1278
Reign of Premysl Ottokar II of Bohemia.
1253 William
of Rubruquis sent by Louis IX on. a mission to the
court of the Great Khan.
Death
of Robert Grosseteste.
1254 Death
of Conrad IV. Innocent IV invades the Regno.
Formation
of the Rhenish League.
Death
of Innocent IV.
1254- 1261
Pontificate of Pope Alexander IV.
1254
Konigsberg founded by the Teutonic Knights.
St
Louis returns to France.
Publication
of The Everlasting Gospel.
1256 Death
of William of Holland.
1257 Election
of Richard of Cornwall as King of Germany; first appearance of the Seven
Electors.
1258 St
Louis forbids private wars.
Treaty
of Corbeil between Louis IX of France and the King of Aragon.
Provisions
of Oxford.
Manfred
becomes King of Sicily.
1259 Martin della Torre becomes lord of Milan.
Death
of Ezzelino da Romano.
Provisions
of Westminster.
Treaty
of Paris between England and France.
Death
of Matthew Paris.
1260 Florentine
defeat at Montaperto. Appearance of the Fraticelli.
c.
1260 First appearance of the Flagellants.
1261 Treaty
of Nymphaeum.
1261-1264
Pontificate of Urban IV.
1261
Recapture of Constantinople by the Greeks: end of the Latin Empire.
William
of Moerbeke begins to translate Aristotle from the
Greek.
1264 Prise of Amiens.
Victory
of the barons at Lewes.
1265- 1268
Pontificate of Pope Clement IV.
1265 Clement
IV’s treaty with Charles of Anjou.
Birth
of Dante.
Simon
de Montfort slain at the battle of Evesham.
1266 Defeat
and death of Manfred at Benevento.
1266- 1285
Reign of Charles I of Anjou in Naples and Sicily.
1268
Battle of Tagliacozzo: execution of Conradin.
Constitutions
of Cardinal Ottobon.
1268-1271
Three years’ interregnum in the Papacy.
1270
St Louis again embarks oil Crusade.
(25
July) Death of St Louis.
1270- 1285
Reign of Philip III of France.
1271- 1276
Pontificate of Pope Gregory X.
1272 Death
of Richard of Cornwall.
Death
of Henry III of England.
1273 (1
Oct.) Rudolf of Habsburg elected King of the Romans.
1274 Death
of St Thomas Aquinas.
Second
Council of Lyons.
1277-1280
Pontificate of Nicholas III.
1277 Execution
of Averroists at Paris.
King
Magnus the Lawmender confirms the privileges of the
Norwegian Church.
1277-1295
Edward I’s campaigns in Wales. Adoption of the longbow.
1278 Defeat
and death of Ottokar II of Bohemia.
Fall
of the Torriani.
1280 Death
of Albertus Magnus.
1281-1285
Pontificate of Martin IV.
1281 Martin
IV excommunicates the Greeks.
1282 (30
Mar.) The Sicilian Vespers.
Peter
III of Aragon becomes King of Sicily.
Signature
of the Magna Carta of Denmark.
1284 Loria’s
victory off Naples. Capture of Charles the Larne.
Naval
victory of Genoa at Meloria. Fall of Pisa.
1285 Death,
of Charles of Anjou.
1285-1287
Pontificate of Honorius IV.
1287
Death of Peter III of Aragon.
1288- 1289
Pontificate of Pope Nicholas IV.
1289- 1328
Mission of John of Monte Corvino to China and the Far East.
1291
Fall of Acre.
Taxatio of Pope Nicholas IV.
1294
Death of Roger Bacon.
1298
Battle of Falkirk.
1300 Boniface
VIII’s Bull Super cathedram.
1301 Death
of Andrew III of Hungary: end of the Arpad dynasty.
1302 Boniface
VIII’s Bull Unum Sanctam.
1306
Murder of Wenceslas III, King of Bohemia: end of the Premyslid dynasty.
1308
Death of Duns Scotus.
1321 Death
of Dante.
1322 Battle
of Boroughbridge.
1344
Foundation of the Order of the Garter.
1346
Battle of Crecy.
1348
Foundation of the University of Prague by the Emperor Charles IV.
Death
of William of Occam.
c.
1348 Beginnings of the Perpendicular style in English architecture.
1365
University of Vienna founded by Duke Rudolf IV.
1385
University of Heidelberg founded.
1429
Foundation of the Order of the Golden Fleece by Philip the Good of Burgundy.
1485
Caxton publishes Malory’s Norte If Arthur.
